New Public Management is a management philosophy used by Governments since the 1980s to modernise the Public Sector. New Public management is a broad and very complex term used to describe the wave of public sector reforms throughout the world since the 1980s. Based on public choice and managerial schools of thought new public management seeks to enhance the efficiency of the public sector and the control that government has over it. The main hypothesis in the NPM-reform wave is that more market orientation in the public sector will lead to greater cost-efficiency for governments, without having negative side effects on other objectives and considerations.

Some modern authors define NPM as a combination of disaggregation (splitting large bureaucracies into smaller, more fragmented ones), competition (between different public agencies, and between public agencies and private firms) and incentivization (On more economic/pecuniary lines) (see Dunleavy, Margetts et al, 2006) . Defined in this way NPM was the dominant intellectual force in public management outside the USA from the early 1980s to the early 2000s.

NPM, compared to other public management theories, is more oriented towards outcomes and efficiency through better management of public budget. It is considered to be achieved by applying competition, as it is known in the private sector, to organizations of public sector, emphasizing economic and leadership principles. New Public management adresses beneficiaries of public services much like customers (another parallel with the private sector) and conversely citizens as shareholders.

Problems that become causes of this management school have less clarity (the need for greater inspection and supervisory) and miscalculation of public opinion, which does not always seek for mere efficiency but rather political solutions and, more or less always, for a compromise.[citation needed] ("citation needed")

Critics like Dunleavy et al (2006) also now proclaim that NPM is 'dead' and argue that the cutting edge of change has moved on to digital era governance focusing on reintegrating concerns into government control, holistic (or joined-up) government and digitalization (exploiting the Web and digital storage and communication within government).
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20071020123837 2007-10-20.12:52:36 何云峰 Public administration theory is the amalgamation of history, organizational theory, social theory, political theory and related studies focused on the meanings, structures and functions of public service in all its forms.

A standard course of study in PhD programs dedicated to public administration, public administration theory often recounts major historical foundations for the study of bureaucracy as well as epistemological issues associated with public service as a profession and as an academic field.

Important figures of study often include the following persons: Max Weber, Frederick Taylor, Luther Gulick, Mary Parker Follett, Chester Barnard, Herbert Simon, and Dwight Waldo. In more recent times, the field has had three main branches: new public management, classic public administration and postmodern public administration theory. The last grouping is often viewed as manifest in the Public Administration Theory Network (PAT-NET) and its publication, Administrative Theory & Praxis.

Important Works in the History of Public Administration Theory
The Northcote-Trevelyan Report
Pendleton Act of 1883
The Study of Administration, Woodrow Wilson, 1887
Politics as a Vocation, 1918, Bureaucracy, 1922, Max Weber
Functions of the Executive, Chester Barnard
The Brownloe Commission Report
The Lack of a Budgetary Theory, V.O. Key, Jr., 1940
Bureaucracy, Ludwig von Mises, 1944
The Administrative State, Dwight Waldo, 1948
Administrative Behavior, Herbert A. Simon, 1953
TVA and the Grass Roots, Philip Selznick, 1953
The Science of Muddling Through, Charles E. Lindblom, 1959
The Forest Ranger, Herbert Kaufman, 1960.
Democracy and the Public Service, Frederick C. Mosher, 1968
Servant Leadership, Robert K. Greenleaf
Public and Private Management: Are They Alike in All the Unimportant Respects?, Graham T. Allison, 1980
The New Economics of Organization, American Journal of Political Science, Terry M. Moe, 1984
Organizational Design as Policy Analysis, Policy Studies Journal, Karen M. Hult and Charles Walcott 1989
Refounding Public Administration, Gary Wamsley ed., 1990
Street Level Bureaucracy, Michael Lipsky
The Public Administration Theory Primer, H. George Frederickson and Kevin B. Smith, 2003
The Case for Bureaucracy, Charles Goodsell